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Pentateuch

Updated: Jul 10


Pentateuch


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What does Pentateuch literally mean?


five books

Pentateuch means simply "five books". In Greek, the Pentateuch (which Jews call the Torah) includes the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.


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According to the New Testament, Jesus himself recognised Moses as the author of at least some portions of the Pentateuch (e.g., the Gospel of John, verses John 5:46–47), and the early Christians therefore followed the rabbis.


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Some of the most famous stories, characters, and laws can be found in the Pentateuch/Written Torah. These stories include:


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the creation of the universe in Genesis;

the creation of the first people in Genesis, where Eve eats the fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, in Genesis;

the Flood and Noah's Ark in Genesis;

God's covenant with Abraham, the patriarch of the Israelites, in Genesis;

the founding of the Twelve Tribes of Israel in Genesis;

the Israelites escape from Egyptian slavery led by the prophet Moses in Exodus;

Moses receiving the Ten Commandments from God and inscribing them on stone tablets for the Israelites in Exodus;

the establishment of the Ark of the Covenant and Tabernacle for housing the presence of God in Exodus;

and the Jews as the chosen people who inherit the Promised Land, a theme found throughout the Pentateuch.



Moses Showing The Ten Commandments Tablets To The Israelites

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Table of Contents

History & Society



Torah


Also known as: Five Books of Moses, Law, Mosaic Law, Pentateuch

Written and fact-checked by

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Oct 11, 2023 • Article History



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Torah, in Judaism, in the broadest sense, the substance of divine revelation to Israel, the Jewish people: God’s revealed teaching or guidance for humankind. The meaning of “Torah” is often restricted to signify the first five books of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), also called the Law (or the Pentateuch, in Christianity). These are the books traditionally ascribed to Moses, the recipient of the original revelation from God on Mount Sinai. Jewish, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestantcanons all agree on their order: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.



The written Torah, in the restricted sense of the first five books of the Bible, is preserved in all Jewish synagogues on handwritten parchment scrolls that reside inside the ark of the Law. They are removed and returned to their place with special reverence. Readings from the Torah form an important part of Jewish liturgical services.


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More From Britannica

biblical literature: The Hebrew canon

Torah breastplate


The term Torah is also used to designate the entire Hebrew Bible. Since for some Jews the laws and customs passed down through oral traditions are part and parcel of God’s revelation to Moses and constitutethe “oral Torah,” Torah is also understood to include both the Oral Law and the Written Law.

Rabbinic commentaries on and interpretations of both Oral and Written Law have been viewed by some as extensions of sacred oral tradition, thus broadening still further the meaning of Torah to designate the entire body of Jewish laws, customs, and ceremonies. See also Halakhah.




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Although the law of the Central Sanctuary, which deals with the Temple in Jerusalem, is actually a later development, the P historians explain the ancient character of the law in their account of a moving sanctuary made according to instructions given to Moses and carried by the Hebrews as they journeyed through the wilderness. This moving sanctuary was no more than a tent, but it contained rooms and equipment that corresponded to the Temple of later years. Of the many ceremonies that are described in detail, the most important are those pertaining to the services to be performed on the Day of Atonement.


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Analysis


The Pentateuch, or what came to be known as the Torah or the Book of the Law, is regarded as the most authoritative and highly inspired of all the Old Testament writings, in large part because these books contain the laws given to the Israelites by Yahweh. These laws, like the source from which they are derived, were eternal and would forever remain the standard by which people's conduct would be judged. Because Moses has long been recognized as the great lawgiver who transmitted the words of Yahweh to the people of Israel, it seemed appropriate to attribute the writing of all the law books to him. Actually, we know from the contents of the Old Testament itself that the concept of divine law and its application to the problems and situations that occurred in Hebrew history was a developmental process that took place over a long period of time. Attributing all of these laws to Moses was not meant to deceive the people but rather was a device used to indicate the eternal character of the laws and a continuation of the spirit and purpose of Moses' work. Then, too, the laws constitute the basis upon which the covenant relationship between Yahweh and the Hebrew people was established. The significance of the covenant idea in the Old Testament can scarcely be overestimated. The prophets constantly make reference to it by insisting that the fate of Israel will always be determined by the extent to which its people are faithful or unfaithful to the obligations placed upon them by the covenant.



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